Women experience disadvantage and oppression differentially, based on their status, context and location.

Governmental efforts towards fertility reduction often face a dilemma: babies who are planners' worry are also a parent's hope and joy (Mandelbaum 1974:110). The beliefs of the people on this subject and what planners believe ought to be done may on occasion diverge substantially.

Fertility behaviour includes not only biological but also social reproduction, involving a complex network of institutions.

Although female labour force participation is a growth driver, participation rates suggest a country’s potential for faster growth.