The Covid-19 pandemic has not caused a baby boom, but quite the opposite in the city. Mumbai registered nearly 24% fewer births in 2021 compared to the pre-pandemic year of 2019—the second year of the country's second most populous city recording a significant drop in birth registrations.

The present study analyses government intervenons for enhancing women's safety in public spaces in two cities of Jharkhand- i.e, Ranchi and Hazaribag from the lens of governance and budgets.