Violence against women is legitimized by social norms, beliefs and institutions.

Decades of campaigning has led to signiicant changes and reform in the rape law.

Trade facilitation measures improve the trading environment by reducing transaction costs and thereby increasing the gains from trade.

Women experience disadvantage and oppression differentially, based on their status, context and location.

Scrutiny and control of women's sexuality and women's reproductive role by the state are well recognized in the history of societies [Sarkar 1993]. Tribal wars over possession of women were rooted in the struggle for survival of the tribe itself.