Violence against women is legitimized by social norms, beliefs and institutions.

This monograph is guided by f

Decades of campaigning has led to signiicant changes and reform in the rape law.

Women experience disadvantage and oppression differentially, based on their status, context and location.

Hysterectomy is major surgery with a mortality rate of 1-2 per 1000 operations and an even higher complication rate. There is a widespread misconception, even among doctors that removal of the uterus, without removal of the ovaries has little or no long-term health consequences for the woman.

Form for, Medical Ethics sought and obtained opinion and advice from a variety of experts. It also studied some of the publications on the subject in medical and other journals.